Alang is a census town in Bhavnagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. In the past three decades, its beaches have become a major worldwide centre for ship breaking. The longest ship ever built, Seawise Giant, was sailed to and beached here for demolition in December 2009
Worlds largest ship graveyards,
I. Curtin Artificial Reef: The Curtin Artificial Reef is a ship grave yard in Australia. The graveyard was established by the Underwater Research Group of Queensland (URGQ) in collaboration with the Australian armed forces, the transport department of Queensland and the tug and the barge corporations.
II. Aral Sea: The Aral Sea is a well-known graveyard of ships in the Eurasian country of Uzbekistan. Once a thriving hive of fishing activity, the Sea was reduced to a graveyard because of a decision by the former USSR regime to convert the area into a cotton plantation.
According to the UN Secretary General, the Aral Sea represents the largest graveyard in today’s times, detrimental to the overall marine ecology of the area.
III. Gadani: Located near Karachi, Pakistan, the Gadani ship graveyard is the third biggest vessel graveyard in the world. In the previous financial year, around 107 ships were dismantled at Gadani which has over 100 plots for vessel dismantling.
IV. Alang: The world’s largest graveyard with respect to ship breaking in the Indian sub-continent, Alang in Gujarat, India, oversees ship dismantling for almost 50% of the world’s vessels.
The ship breaking operations in the graveyard began in the year 1983 and today, after nearly three decades, a lot of questions have been raised about the conditions faced by the workers of the ship grave yard.
V. Landévennec: A vessel graveyard in France, the Landévennec graveyard is used mainly as a military vessel graveyard. The graveyard is basically a water cove created by the Aulne River about the Pen Forn point near Landévennec and has a depth of about 10 metres.
Surrounding mountains help as a buffer to keep the water calm at all times which helps in the better disintegrating of the vessels.
VI. Staten Island: The Staten Island graveyard in the United States is a well-known graveyard for tugs and barges. The most important aspect of the Staten Island graveyard is that some of the tugs and boats’ salvage belong to the 20th century and it forms one of the most sought after places for scuba-divers.
VII. Bikini Atoll: The Bikini Atoll was used for the United States’ naval ships at the time of the Second World War. A very popular destination for researchers and scuba-divers, it has been recently found out that the coral reefs of the Atoll which had been completely destructed due to the war-time activities were showing signs of re-growth and resurgence.
VIII. Jervois Beach: The Jervois Beach in the Adelaide Port was used as a graveyard for ships from the 1900s till the 1960s. Since most of the ships have been completely disassembled, there is not much by way of any wreckage in the Beach. However, there are four ships whose salvaged remains can be seen from the shore during low tide.
IX. Skeleton Coast: The Skeleton Coast is a ship graveyard in Namibia. Known as the Skeleton Coast National Park (named in the year 1973), the ship graveyard is regarded by many as the world’s largest graveyard of ships.The occurrence of impenetrable fogs and storms has led to various ships being stranded causing it to become a vessel graveyard.
The Skeleton Coast originates at the mouth of the River Ugab and extends up to the River Kunene located near the border of Angola.
X. Bay of Nouadhibou: Located in Mauritania, this passage of water is regarded unequivocally across the world as being the world’s largest graveyard. According to statistics, more than 300 vessels can be found in this dumping ground. However unlike the other mentioned ship graveyards, the Bay of Nouadhibou was used a ship dumping ground mainly on account of the avarice of the Mauritian authorities who allowed uncensored dumping of ships in the Bay.
Ship graveyards in recent times have come under the scrutiny of guardians and preservationists of the oceanic ecosystem and ecology. Organisations like the Greenpeace are making huge efforts to make people understand about the repercussions of such ship graveyards. In today’s times, it needs to be noted that many shipping companies and government authorities make sure that the dismantling of a ship happens in dry docks. However, those ships which are not disposed off in dry docks do become a part of the ship graveyard chain. In order to protect the marine ecosystem from degenerating further, it is important and highly imperative that the usage of ship graveyards is restricted and curtailed.
Recently developed technique for monitoring foetal growth is Ultrasonics
Purity of gold in 22 Carat is: 92%
First Indian Station set up for Antarctic research is called: Dakshin Gangotri
The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.
The memory of the computer is measured by:(a) Bits
The ICBM developed by India, with a strike range of more than 2000 km, is given the name:
intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM Agni 2
On adding common salt to water, the boiling point and freezing point of water will: increase and decrease respectively
On display in the Plasticity exhibition at the Science Museum until January 2009 is the artificial 'plastic blood' developed by Dr Lance Twyman. from university of sheffield at england.UK
Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.
Worlds largest ship graveyards,
I. Curtin Artificial Reef: The Curtin Artificial Reef is a ship grave yard in Australia. The graveyard was established by the Underwater Research Group of Queensland (URGQ) in collaboration with the Australian armed forces, the transport department of Queensland and the tug and the barge corporations.
II. Aral Sea: The Aral Sea is a well-known graveyard of ships in the Eurasian country of Uzbekistan. Once a thriving hive of fishing activity, the Sea was reduced to a graveyard because of a decision by the former USSR regime to convert the area into a cotton plantation.
According to the UN Secretary General, the Aral Sea represents the largest graveyard in today’s times, detrimental to the overall marine ecology of the area.
III. Gadani: Located near Karachi, Pakistan, the Gadani ship graveyard is the third biggest vessel graveyard in the world. In the previous financial year, around 107 ships were dismantled at Gadani which has over 100 plots for vessel dismantling.
IV. Alang: The world’s largest graveyard with respect to ship breaking in the Indian sub-continent, Alang in Gujarat, India, oversees ship dismantling for almost 50% of the world’s vessels.
The ship breaking operations in the graveyard began in the year 1983 and today, after nearly three decades, a lot of questions have been raised about the conditions faced by the workers of the ship grave yard.
V. Landévennec: A vessel graveyard in France, the Landévennec graveyard is used mainly as a military vessel graveyard. The graveyard is basically a water cove created by the Aulne River about the Pen Forn point near Landévennec and has a depth of about 10 metres.
Surrounding mountains help as a buffer to keep the water calm at all times which helps in the better disintegrating of the vessels.
VI. Staten Island: The Staten Island graveyard in the United States is a well-known graveyard for tugs and barges. The most important aspect of the Staten Island graveyard is that some of the tugs and boats’ salvage belong to the 20th century and it forms one of the most sought after places for scuba-divers.
VII. Bikini Atoll: The Bikini Atoll was used for the United States’ naval ships at the time of the Second World War. A very popular destination for researchers and scuba-divers, it has been recently found out that the coral reefs of the Atoll which had been completely destructed due to the war-time activities were showing signs of re-growth and resurgence.
VIII. Jervois Beach: The Jervois Beach in the Adelaide Port was used as a graveyard for ships from the 1900s till the 1960s. Since most of the ships have been completely disassembled, there is not much by way of any wreckage in the Beach. However, there are four ships whose salvaged remains can be seen from the shore during low tide.
IX. Skeleton Coast: The Skeleton Coast is a ship graveyard in Namibia. Known as the Skeleton Coast National Park (named in the year 1973), the ship graveyard is regarded by many as the world’s largest graveyard of ships.The occurrence of impenetrable fogs and storms has led to various ships being stranded causing it to become a vessel graveyard.
The Skeleton Coast originates at the mouth of the River Ugab and extends up to the River Kunene located near the border of Angola.
X. Bay of Nouadhibou: Located in Mauritania, this passage of water is regarded unequivocally across the world as being the world’s largest graveyard. According to statistics, more than 300 vessels can be found in this dumping ground. However unlike the other mentioned ship graveyards, the Bay of Nouadhibou was used a ship dumping ground mainly on account of the avarice of the Mauritian authorities who allowed uncensored dumping of ships in the Bay.
Ship graveyards in recent times have come under the scrutiny of guardians and preservationists of the oceanic ecosystem and ecology. Organisations like the Greenpeace are making huge efforts to make people understand about the repercussions of such ship graveyards. In today’s times, it needs to be noted that many shipping companies and government authorities make sure that the dismantling of a ship happens in dry docks. However, those ships which are not disposed off in dry docks do become a part of the ship graveyard chain. In order to protect the marine ecosystem from degenerating further, it is important and highly imperative that the usage of ship graveyards is restricted and curtailed.
Recently developed technique for monitoring foetal growth is Ultrasonics
| Purity | Gold content (wt. %) | Fineness | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 carat gold | 99+ | 990 | |||||
| 22 carat gold | 91.6 | 916 | |||||
| 18 carat gold | 75.0 | 750 | |||||
| 14 carat gold | 58.5 | 585 |
| I.C. Chips for computers are usually made of silicon |
The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.
The memory of the computer is measured by:(a) Bits
The ICBM developed by India, with a strike range of more than 2000 km, is given the name:
intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM Agni 2
| Name | Type | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agni-I | MRBM | 700 – 1,250 km[2][9][18] (Operational) | |
| Agni-II | IRBM | 2,000 – 3,000 km[19] (Operational) | |
| Agni-III | IRBM | 3,500 – 5,000 km[10] (Operational) | |
| Agni-IV | IRBM | 3,000 – 4,000 km[20](Operational) | |
| Agni-V | ICBM | 5,000 – 8,000 km[21][22][23] (Testing) | |
| Agni-VI | ICBM | 8,000 – 10,000 km[6][24][25] (Under development) |
On display in the Plasticity exhibition at the Science Museum until January 2009 is the artificial 'plastic blood' developed by Dr Lance Twyman. from university of sheffield at england.UK
Kaziranga National Park in assam
animal families does Nilgai belongs to Antelope family
officially recognized languages till 1992 is 18
Persian
was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as
an administrative language for several centuries until the era of
British colonisation.
Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 20% of Indians.
Parts
The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts:
with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment .[25][26]
|
|
- First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) - This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
- Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221)- – This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
- Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219)—Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
- Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
- Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
- Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1))— Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- Seventh Schedule (Article 246) —The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
- Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
- Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[37]
- Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2))—"Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
- Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
- Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).
Appendices
- Appendix I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
- Appendix II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Appendix III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
- Appendix IV—The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
- Appendix V— The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
- Following are the borrowed features of constitution from different countries.
Constitution Day, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated in India in honour of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar, known as the architect of the Indian constitution. The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day. On this day in 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, and it went into effect on 26 January 1950.[1]From U.K. - Nominal Head � President (like Queen)
- Cabinet System of Ministers
- Post of PM
- Parliamentary Type of Govt.
- Bicameral Parliament
- Lower House more powerful
- Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House
- Speaker in Lok Sabha
From U.S. - Written Constitution
- Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
- Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Fundamental Rights
- Supreme Court
- Provision of States
- Independence of Judiciary and judicial review
- Preamble
- Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges
From USSR - Fundamental Duties
- Five year Plan
From AUSTRALIA - Concurrent list
- Language of the preamble
- Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse
From JAPAN - Law on which the Supreme Court function
From WEIMAR CONSTITUION OF GERMANY - Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency
From CANADA - Scheme of federation with a strong centre
- Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre
From IRELAND - Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)
- Method of election of President
- Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President
The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day on 19 November 2015 by a gazette notification.The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made the declaration on 11 October 2015 on the occasion of laying the foundation stone of the Ambedkar memorial in Mumbai.[2] The year of 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary of Dr. Ambedkar, who had chaired the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly and played a pivotal role in the drafting of the constitution.[1] Previously this day was celebrated as Law Day.[3] 26 November was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Dr. Ambedkar
Since 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary year of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), who is known as the architect of the Indian constitution, the government decided in May 2015 to celebrate this year "in a big way".[5][6][7
all-India quiz competition at Ambedkar University, Lucknow
Constitution Assembly of India setup under Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946.
Composition of Constituent Assembly:- - The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by he elected members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States. To these were to be added a representative each from the four Chief Commissioners Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
- Each Province and each Indian State or group of States were allotted the total number of seas proportional to their respective population roughly in the ration of one to a million.
- B N Rao was appointed the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly.
- The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place of Dec 9, 1946 with Dr. Sachidanand Sinha as its interim President. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President n Dec 11, 1947.
- The Assembly framing the Constitution.had 13 Committees.
- The all-important Drafting Committee, which bore the responsibility
of drafting the Constitutional document during the recess of the
Constitutent Assembly, from July 1947 to September 1948, was formed on
August 29, 1947. Its members were:
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
- N. Gopalaswami Ayyar
- K.M. Munshi
- Syyed Mohd. Saadulla
- N.Madhav Rao
- D.P.Khaitan (T Krishnamachari, after Kahitan�s Death in 1948)
- It was finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949. The session of the Assembly was held on Jan 24, 1950, which unanimously elected Dr, Rajendra Prasad as the President of India. In all the 284 members of the Assembly signed the official copies of the Indian Constitution which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950, known and celebrated as the Republic Day of India.
- he Indian Constitution starts with the preamble which outlines the main objectives of the Constitution. It reads:
" WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure all its citizens."
JUSTICE, social economic and political.
LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
EQUALITY, of status and of opportunity, and to promote among them all.
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, "ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES HIS CONSTITUTION ".
Idea of preamble borrowed from Constitution of US.
The words �SOCIALIST�, �SECULAR� and �UNITY� & �INTEGRITY� were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Preamble is not justifiable.
martial arts in general are known as Dhanurveda.
The first tidal dock is believed to have been built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation, near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast.[2
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